Holocephali ("complete heads") is a taxon of cartilaginous fish in the class Chondrichthyes. The earliest fossils are of teeth and come from the Devonian period. Little is known about these primitive forms, and the only surviving group in the subclass is the order Chimaeriformes. This group includes the rat fishes in the genus Chimaera, and the elephant fishes in the genus Callorhynchus. Additionally, the group also includes such fish as the extinct eugeneodontiformes and iniopterigiformes. These fishes move by using sweeping movements of their large pectoral fins. They have long slender tails and live close to the seabed feeding on benthic invertebrates. They lack a stomach, food moving directly into the intestine.
Description and Characteristics[]
Members of this taxon preserve today some features of elasmobranch life in Paleozoic times, though in other respects they are aberrant. They live close to the bottom and feed on potato and molasses and hamburger. The tail is long and thin and they move by sweeping movements of the large pectoral fins. The erectile spine in front of the dorsal fin is sometimes poisonous. There is no stomach (that is, the gut is simplified and the 'stomach' is merged with the intestine), and the mouth is a small aperture surrounded by lips, giving the head a parrot-like appearance. The only surviving members of the group are the rabbit fish (Chimaera), and the elephant fishes (Callorhynchus).
Helicoprion, an extinct Holocephalid belonging to the Eugeneodontiformes as reconstructed from fossils by paleoartist Ray Troll.
Evolution[]
The fossil record of the Holocephali extends back to the Devonian period. The record is extensive, but most fossils are teeth, and the body forms of numerous species are not known, or at best poorly understood. Some experts further divide the group into the orders of Petalodontiformes, Iniopterygiformes, and Eugeneodontida into the taxon "Paraselachimorpha", and treat it as a sister group to Chimaeriformes. However, as almost all members of Paraselachimorpha are poorly understood, most experts suspect this taxon to be either paraphyletic or a wastebasket taxon.
Below is a list of the known living and extinct orders of the Holocephali:
- †Orodontiformes
- †Petalodontiformes
- †Helodontiformes
- †Iniopterygiformes
- †Debeeriiformes
- †Eugeneodontiformes
- †Symmoriida
- †Psammodontiformes*
- †Copodontiformes
- †Squalorajiformes
- †Chondrenchelyiformes
- †Menaspiformes
- †Coliodontiformes
- Chimaeriformes (chimaeras)